ΔΙΚΤΥΟ ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΩΝ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΒάΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ

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Σχεδιασμός - Ανάπτυξη
	Ι.Ε.Υ. / ΕΛ.ΚΕ.Θ.Ε.

GR2440002

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Ονομασία

ΚΟΙΛΑΔΑ ΚΑΙ ΕΚΒΟΛΕΣ ΣΠΕΡΧΕΙΟΥ - ΜΑΛΙΑΚΟΣ ΚΟΛΠΟΣ

Έκταση

34000

Γεωγραφική θέση

Γεωγραφικό μήκος:

E 22° 27' 30''

Γεωγραφικό Πλάτος:

N 38° 16' 36''

Υψόμετρα

Μέσο:

650

Μέγιστο:

1000

Ελάχιστο:

Χαρακτηριστικά περιοχής

The site is located in the eastern part of central Greece; it is attached to the periphery zone of the Oiti National Park and it is neighbour to Timfristos and Vardousia Mountains. Three different parts can be distinguished in the site: a) Maliakos Bay, b) the estuary of Spercheios River and its surrounding area and c) Spercheios River valley and its springs. The site covers in total 34,000 ha.
Maliakos Bay covers 9,000 ha. It is a small enclosed embayment connected to the Aegean Sea and N. Evoikos Gulf by two small openings on the east. In the outer eastern part the average depth is 30 m and in the inner western part it does not exceed 25 m; the bottom is covered mostly by soft sediments. Spercheios River meets the sea in the SW corner of the bay. The innermost part of the bay close to the mouth of the river is the shallowest one.
The town of Stylida (nearly 6,000 people) is located on the NW side of the bay. Its port is the most important in the bay, hosting cargo ship and fishing boats.
The fishing activity of the bay is conducted by 322 registered fishing boats (7-150 HP, 4-12 m long), owned by 700 fishermen. Fish and shellfish production of the bay is high. There are fishing restrictions by the State for the inner part (nearly half of the total of the bay).
The core of the estuary covers 319.5 ha while the wider area comes up to 10,000 ha. The estuary and its surrounding area forms a diverse landscape. There are two types of natural vegetation. The first one is located along the river bank while the second covers the area of the salt meadows. The former is dominated by Salix sp., Populus sp., Rubus sp., Agnus sp., Phragmites spp., Typha sp. and the latter by Phragmites australis close to the river and by Arthrocremnum sp., Tamarix sp. and Salicornia sp. in the rest of the area. Most the area outside the core is intensively cultivated-mainly ricefields. The land around the estuary is occupied mainly by dry cropland and grasslands while a small portion is covered by olive trees (there are no integrated scientific studies for the flora of the region).
Around the estuary there are ten parishes, counting in total 8,896 people; most of their residents are occupied chiefly by agricultural labour. The population of the city of Lamia, at the edge of the estuary, is 43,898 people.
The last part of the estuary, close to the mouth of the river and where the land meets the sea, forms a shallow lagoon-like embayment called Livari (500 ha); the depth in the biggest part of it is 5m. Here hunting is forbidden by law.
Hunting is also illegal in the estuary and its neighbouring parishes
The westernmost part of the site includes the mountain-type part of Spercheios River, its valley and springs. The river's watershed comes up to 211,600 ha; another 2500 ha of watershed land should be added, if we bear in mind the 63 streams that end up in Spercheios River; due to the above extended watershed, the river is characterised by high levels of drifting material. The length of the river is 82.5 km and it starts from Tymfristos Mountain at 2,327 m altitude. Its valley covers 15,000 ha, with an average altitude of 621 or 810 m.
Moving from the city of Lamia to the river's springs, the landscape is dominated by permanent dry and irrigated cropland. At the northern part of the valley there is cropland under shifting cultivation, grasslands and abandoned agricultural lands. Finally, close to the springs of the river, apart from small patches of land occupied by orchards, the area is dominated by abandoned agricultural land.
At the fringe around of the valley, close to the foot of the surrounding mountains, the vegetation is characterised by phrygana.
Due to fact that there are no studies on the present habitat types and flora, a visit to the site is necessary to quantify better its floristic and faunistic status.

QUALITY

The quality and importance of the site is focused on the following reasons:
a) Maliakos Bay supports a significant fish and shellfish production; there is also a very good potential for the development of aquaculture.
b) Livari, the innermost part of Maliakos Bay, is a natural sea park for the reproduction of fish and the development of their juvenilles
c) The estuary of Spercheios River offers ideal environmental parameters for many species of the avifauna many of which are protected. Actually, the estuary has been characterised as an Important Bird Area (IBA).
d) The surrounding cultivated area-mainly ricefields-is of major financial importance for the neighbouring parishes.
e) The river itself, supports a diverse fishfauna with many important-endemic, protected-species. Also, it irrigates the fertile soils of its valley and of its estuary.
f) The thermal springs of Thermopyles, hosting the african fish Tilapia nilotica, as well as the carstic springs of Agia Paraskevi, are of great ecological interest.
OTHER IMPORTANT SPECIES WITH MOTIVATION D
The following important species (motivation D, 3.3) have been found in the site:
Freshwater fish:
Barbus capito graecus protected by the Greek Law (Presidential Decree 67/81)
Tilapia nilotica (see text above)
Invertebrates:
Lithophaga lithophaga is an important species (Koomen P. and P.J. van Helsdingen), included in Annex IV of the Directive 92/43/EEC.
The insects Leptidia duponcheli, Pieris ergane (Presidential Decree 67/81)
Charaxes jasius is included in Annex IV of the Directive 92/43/EEC
Reptiles:
Coronella austriaca, Vipera ammodytes, Ablepharus kitaibelli, Lacerta trilineata are included in Annex IV of the Directive 92/43/EEC
Mammals:
Nyctalus lasiopterus, Nyctalus leisleri are included in Annex IV of the Directive 92/43/EEC
NOTE
According to Ladiges & Vogt (1979) Barbus plebejus includes the endemic subspecies Barbus cyclolepis sperchiensis which according to some authors (Economidis, 1991) belongs to the species B. cyclolepis.
The population of Phoxinellus spp. of this site belongs to the subspecies P. stymphalicus minutus. According to some authors (Ladiges & Vogt, 1979; Economidis, 1991) this subspecies belongs to the genus Pseudophoxinus.
According to Karaman (1971) Barbus capito includes B. graecus and B. albanicus as synonyms. However, according to other authors (Economidis, 1991), B. graecus and B. albanicus are valid species.

VULNERABILITY

Although the Provinces of E. Attica, Voiotia, Evvoia and Fthiotida have set certain dispersion places and types of wastewaters to be disposed (law 1964/14-11-1979), the quality of Maliakos Bay waters is threatened by the sewage output of the city of Lamia, the nearby parishes and the wastewaters from the olive mills around the bay; there are also other types of industries, although much less in number, which affect the bay by dispersing their wastes either in Spercheios River or directly to the sea. The enrichment of the waters is due to land drainage from the surrounding cultivated areas. The use of fertilisers and airsprays is rather intensive in these croplands.
Overfishing is another negative factor for the bay. An even more significant threat is the illegal fishing in Livari, the fish nursery of the bay.
The vegetation of the estuary and its animals are disturbed by the continuously expanding cultivated areas and over grazing by local cattle.
The avifauna is in danger, principally due to the intensive illegal hunting in the estuary.

DESIGNATION

The estuary of Spercheios River is a Game Refuge (law 88175/2415/22-6-1987, Ministry of Agriculture). The innermost part of Maliakos Bay, Livari, is a fish nursery and belongs to the State; fishing and hunting are forbidden by law (Presidential Decree 144/86). The estuary has been characterized as an Important Bird Area (IBA), according to the Ditective 79/409/EEC, as noted in 5.2. under the type OTHER.

OWNERSHIP

Public and private.

DOCUMENTATION

1) Akriotis, T., G. Handrinos & G. Kondylis, 1994. Avifauna and conservation of the Spercheios Delta. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica, 22: [4.1]
2) Almaca, C., 1981. La collection de Barbus d΄ Europe du Museum national d΄Histoire naturelle (Cyprinidae, Pisces). Bull. Mus. natn. Hist. Nat. Paris, (4) 3 (1) 277-307. [3.2, 3.3]
3) Crucitti, P. & L. Tringali, 1986. Alcune caratterishiche dell' erpetofauna ellenica (Amphibia-Reptilia). Conv. Zool. Ellen. Roma, 4-19. [3.2, 3.3]
4) Cyren, O., 1941. Beitrage zur Herpetologie der Balkanhalbinsel. Mitt. Konigl. Naturwiss Inst., Sofia, 14: [3.2, 3.3]
5) Dacie, J.V., M.K.V. Dacie and P. Grammatikos, 1972. Butterflies in northern and central Greece, July 1971.
6) Entomologists Rec. J. Var., 84 257-266. [3.2, 3.3]
7) Daget, J., P.S. Economidis and J. Louis, 1976. Sous-especes d' Alburnoides bipunctatus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) de la Grece continentale. Rev. Trav. Inst. Peches marit., 40 (3-4): [3.2, 3.3]
8) Economidis, P.S., 1991. Check list of freshwater fishes of Greece. Hell. Soc. for the Prot. of Nature. [3.2, 3.3]
9) Economidis, P.S., 1973. Katalogos ton icthyon tis Ellados (Check list of freshwater fishes of Greece). Hellen. Oceanol. Limnol., 11: [3.2, 3.3]
10) Helversen, O. von & R. Weid, 1990. Die Verbreitung einiger Fledermausarten in Griechenland. Bonn. zool. Beitr., 41 (1):
11) Karandeinos, M. (ed.). 1992. To Kokkino Vivlio ton apeiloumenon spondylozoon tis Elladas (The Red Data Book of threatened vertebrates of Greece). Hellen. Zool. Soc. & Hellen. Orn. Soc. p. 373 [3.3]
12) Katsanos, A.K. & D. Anagnostopoulos, 1967. A present land use survey of Spercheios Watershed.
13) Ministry of Agriculture, Athens, Greece. [4.1]
14) Koumpli-Sovantzi, L. & I. Vallianatou, 1994. Florisrtic notes from aquatic stands of Central Greece (Sterea Ellas). Candollea, 49: [3.1]
15) Koutsaftikis, A., 1973. Okologische und zoogeographische Untersuchungen der Lycaenidae Griechenlands (Lepidoptera).
16) Biologia Gallo-Hellenica, vol. V, 1 167-179. [3.2, 3.3]
17) Koutsaftikis, A., 1974. Okologische und zoogeographische Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pieridae Griechenlands (Lepidoptera). Ber. Arb. Gem. Φkol. Ent., 4-15. [3.2,3.3]
18) Miller, A., 1912. Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europe. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. [3.2, 3.3]
19) Niethammer, J., 1974. Zur Verbreitung und Taxonomie griechistcher Saugetiere Bonn. zool. Beitr., 25 (1-3): [3.2, 3.3]
20) Ondrias, J.C., 1965. Die Saugetiere Griechenlands. Saugetierk. Mitt. 13 (3): [3.2, 3.3]
21) Ondrias, J.C., 1968. Liste des Amphibiens et des Reptiles de la Grece. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica, 1 (2): [3.2, 3.3]
22) Region of Sterea Ellada - Directive of Environment and Physical Planning and Public Works. 1992. Ygroviotopos Delta Spercheiou.Syngentrosi kai Axiologisi Stoicheion. (The Wetland of Sperchios Estuary. Data Collection and Assessement). Lamia. [4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 6.2]
23) Savic, I. & B. Soldatovic, 1978. Studies on the karyotype and distribution range of the mole rat (Spalax leucodon nordmanni) in Greece. Caryologia, 31 (1): [3.2, 3.3]
24) Societas Europea Herpetologa-Mapping commitee (in press), 1992. Atlas of European reptiles and amphibians. [3.2, 3.3]
25) Stephanidis, A., 1950. Symvoli stin meleti ton ichtyon ton glykeon ydaton tis Ellados (Contribution to the study of freshwater fish of Greece). Praktika of Acad. Athens,18(1943):200-210 [3.2, 3.3]
26) Stephanidis, A., 1971. On some freshwater fish of Greece. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica, 3(2): [3.2, 3.3]
27) Thessalou-Legaki, M., personal communication. [4.1]
28) Valakos, E., personal communication. [3.2, 3.3]
29) Werner, F., 1938. Die Amphibien und Reptilien Griechenlands. Zoologia, 35: [3.2, 3.3]
30) Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works. 1992. Ygroviotopos Delta Spercheiou (Nomou Fthoiotidas) [The Wetland of Sperchios Estuary (Fthiotida Prefecture)]. Thessaloniki, p. [4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 6.2]
31) Helelnic Society for the Study and Protection of the Monk Seal (HSSPMS). 1994. Continuation of establishment of a rescue network for orphan, wounded and sick seals and gathering of seal observations from the whole Greece. Function of the seal treatment and rehabilitation center in Alonnisos. Final Report. EU Contract No 4-3010 (92)7829, p 112. (3.2.c)
32) Ladiges W. & D. Vogt. 1979. Die Susswasserfische Europas. Verl.P.Parey, Humburg und Berlin, p. 134.
33) Karaman M.S. 1971. Susserwasserfische der Turkei. 8. Revision der Barben Europas, Vorderasiens und Nordafrikas. Mitt. Hamburg. Zool. Mus. Inst. 67:175-254.
34) Koomen, P. & van Helsdingen P.J. 1993. Listing of biotopes in Europe according to their significance for invertebrates. Council of Europe, T-PVS (93)43, p. 74
35) Georghiou K. 1995. Checklist of Endemic, Rare and Threatened Plants of Greece. Draft. University of Athens. (3.3, 3.4, 4.2)
36) Goulandris Museum Natural History - EU/DG XI. 1994. ORNIS Data Bank, unpubl. data. Kifissia, Greece. (3.2. a, b).
37) Grimmet R.F.A. & T.A. Jones. 1989. The Important Bird Areas in Europe. ICBP Technical Publication No. 9, p. 906. (3.2. a., b).
38) Hellenic Bird Ringing Scheme, Hellenic Society for the Protection of Nature, Greek Biotope-Wetland Centre, International Waterfowl Research Bireau. 1993. Midwinter waterfowl census, Greece. Unpubl. reports. Athens (3.2. a, b).
39) Jerrentrup H., M. Gaethlich, A. H. Joensen, H. Nohr & S. Brogger-Jensen. 1988. Urgent action plan to safeguard three endangered bird species in Greece and EC: Pigmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus), Great White Egret (Egretta alba), White tailed Eangle (Haliaeetus albicilla). Ornis Consult, Natural History Museum Arhus, Hellenic Ornithological Society. Report to the Commission of European Communities, p. 153. (3.2. a.).
40) Kilikidis S. (ed). 1992. Wetland of Sperhios delta (Fthiotida Prefecture). "Evaluation and investigation of the possibility for inclusion in the community network of special protection areas according to Article 4 of Directive 79/409/E.C. for the conservation of wild birds". Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki -Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning and Public Works (Environmental Planning Division). Thessaloniki. (3.2. a, b).
41) [CORINE BIOTOPES] (3.2. a, b).

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