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Σχεδιασμός - Ανάπτυξη
	Ι.Ε.Υ. / ΕΛ.ΚΕ.Θ.Ε.

GR2310001

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Ονομασία

ΔΕΛΤΑ ΑΧΕΛΩΟΥ, ΛΙΜΝΟΘΑΛΑΣΣΑ ΜΕΣΟΛΟΓΓΙΟΥ- ΑΙΤΩΛΙΚΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΕΚΒΟΛΕΣ ΕΥΗΝΟΥ

Έκταση

33687

Γεωγραφική θέση

Γεωγραφικό μήκος:

E 21° 15' 0''

Γεωγραφικό Πλάτος:

N 38° 20' 0''

Υψόμετρα

Μέσο:

217

Μέγιστο:

434

Ελάχιστο:

Χαρακτηριστικά περιοχής

The examined site is a complex ecosystem that is located in western Sterea Ellada. It is one of the most significant wetlands in Greece. In this area a very large lagoon, the Mesolongi lagoon (11,200 ha) predominates in the central part of the wetland system. There are also a number of other smaller lagoons to the north (Aitoliko lagoon, 1400 ha), east (Kleisova, 3000 ha), and the west (Gourounopoules, Paliopotamos, 800 ha). The lagoons of Mesolongi lie behind a fragmented sandy coastal ridge which is located between the mouth of the river Evinos to the east and the Koutsilaris hill to the west; they are connected with the Patraikos Gulf (which forms part of the Ionian Sea) by a large opening. In the eastern part of the Mesolongi plain is the delta of the river Evinos. In the extreme west of the area the delta of the river Acheloos occurs. Most of the plain is formed from the sediments deposited by these two rivers. Evinos has deposited sediments that cover the whole area from Mesolongi eastwards, while sediments from the river Acheloos cover the area from Mesolongi to the west. In the western part of the site, the sediments of the river Acheloos surround several rocks and hills, of which the Koutsilaris (433 m) is the highest. In the same part several former beds of the river Acheloos can be distinguished. In some places within the area of the lagoons near Ag. Triada, Ag.Taxiarchis and Megalo Vouno, former sand-dune ridges may be observed. The Mesolongi lagoon system was formed in the Holocene. The basin of the lagoon is divided into the Aitoliko and Mesolongi lagoons, which are connected to each other by a narrow channel. From a geological point of view, the area belongs to the Ionian and Gavrovo zones and is composed mainly of sedimentary rocks. A small area of the Gavrovo zone is composed mainly of Upper Cretaceous limestones, Eocenic limestones and flysch. A larger area belonging to the Ionian zone is composed of Triassic crystalines and evaporites, Jurassic limestones with ceratoliths, Cretaceous and Eocenic limestones and flysch. The soil of the area has originated from erosion of the above rocks. Nearby the whole area consists of clay deposited in salt water; only along the river beds we find clay deposited in fresh water. The salt water clay has a bluish colour, while the fresh water clay is brownish. The coastal ridge consists of sand. As mentioned above, the lagoons of Mesolongi are connected with the sea by means of several wide openings in the coastal ridge. Nevertheless some parts of the lagoons are rather isolated. This results in large fluctuations of salinity during the course of the year. The salinity of the shallow waters south of Aitoliko and probably near the former monastery Ag. Taxiarchis, also fluctuates considerably. The high salinity in summer, caused by evaporation, is tempered by fresh water flowing into the lagoons from the surrounding fields and some small brooks. During the winter large amounts of fresh water drain into the lagoons. In winter water from the Evinos and Acheloos rivers probably also flows into the lagoons on occasions. The lagoons studied are shallow. Their maximum depth is about 2 m but large areas have a depth of about 1m. Only the Aitoliko lagoon has a maximum depth of 28 m. The principal human activity in the lagoons is fishing. For this purpose elaborate pile screens have been constructed in many creeks using the stems of Arundo donax. In some places large quantities of this material are washed ashore and become substrate for a special type of vegetation. The Mesolongi lagoons were formerly surrounded mostly by extensive salt marshes, large parts of which were drained for agricultural purposes, but still remain infertile and serve as a wildlife habitat. Despite land reclamation, salt marshes, sand-banks and mudflats still occur around the lagoons. A detailed description of the plant communities is given by Wolff (1968) and Szijj (1983). Generally the area is characterized by variable habitats. Extensive areas of salt marshes exist where the plant genera Salicornia and Arthrocnemum are dominant, as well as extensive areas of shallow water with a rich submerged vegetation of Ruppia, Enteromorpha and Zostera. Apart from the vegetation units already mentioned (section 3.1) extensive, dense reed communities (Phragmitetum) cover substantial areas, mainly in places where freshwater flows into the lagoons. Such areas occur mainly on the north and northeast shores of the Kleisova lagoon, along the western shore of the Mesolongi lagoon, along the eastern shore of the Aitoliko lagoon at the shore of the Skantzochoiros lagoon, along drainage channels and along the edges of the Acheloos river. In these reed communities, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia dominate. Despite intense agricultural activities, sufficient hedges of natural vegetation with Phragmites australis, Tamarix parviflora and Juncus maritimus grow between the small fields. In these microbiotopes a fraction of the wild fauna lives. Furthermore, more animals exist in the drainage channels and the surrounding natural vegetation. Close to the reed belts, stands of Scirpetum maritimi occur. These communities are observed mainly at the Mesolongi lagoon (near Poros) as well as several places to the NE of the Kleisova lagoon. It is also worth mentioning that a long, wide coastal strip with sand-dunes occurs mainly to the south-west of the area. The main plant communities are Agropyretum mediterraneum, Ammophiletum arenariae and Cakiletea maritimae. On the islet of Louros at the inner places behind the dunes, a significant cluster of Juniperus phoenicea grows. All this area is extremely valuable. On the surrounding hills clusters of Quercus macrolepis, macchie and phrygana (with Phlomis fruticosa as the dominant taxon) grow. The Acheloos river is the second largest river in the Balkans. On its estuaries as well as along its banks three main types of riparian forests grow: 1) Riparian forests with Salix alba and Populus nigra as dominant species (such forests occur mainly in the southern area of the delta as well as along the river banks); 2) A forest of Fraxinus angustifolia near Lesini, which is the most valuable part of the riparian vegetation of this area; 3) Clusters with Tamarix parviflora and Vitex agnus-castus (mainly in the southern part of the Delta at Kali Chitsa, as well as along the bank of the river). The estuaries of the Evinos river extend from the east shore of the Kleisova lagoon to the foot of Mt. Varasova. The River Evinos springs from Mt. Vardousia and flows into the Patraikos Gulf. It has a length of 110 km and its drainage basin is 1070 km2. It is noticeable that the riparian vegetation of river Evinos appears significantly different from the equivalent vegetation of River Acheloos. This happens because the Evinos river has not a constant and satisfactory flow during all the year. Therefore the clusters with Salix, Fraxinus and Ulmus, as well as the reed belts (Phragmitetum), all along the edge of the river are rare. On the contrary, the development of Nerium oleander in the area is very intense. About 5 km from the mounth of the river clusters of Populus alba, P. nigra and Arundo donax occur. Close to the mouth of the river riparian vegetation with Platanus orientalis, Nerium oleander and Vitex agnus-castus is developed. At the estuaries of the river, the flow is slow, and poor vegetation with Zostera noltii, Myriophyllum spicatum and Valisneria spiralis occur. At the sandy riverside area Tamarix parviflora, T. smyrnensis, Juncus acutus, J. maritimus as well as a lot of halophytes such as Limonium, Suaeda, Arthocnemum perenne, Inula crithmoides, Halimione portulacoides, Aster tripolium etc. are developed. Reed communities with the dominating plants Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia occur near the village of Galatas.
Despite the intense agricultural activities enough hedges of natural vegetation with Phragmites, Tamarix and Juncus grow between the small fields. Small isolated formations with Phragmites communis occur at the estuaries of the Evinos river as well as in several places along the edge of the river. Close to the reed belts, stands of Scirpetum maritimum occur, at the place where the salinity increases. At the coastal zone extending from the east shore of the Kleisova lagoon to the west of the mouth of the Evinos river (ca. 3 km in length and 0.5 km in width) the land is lower than sea level and is devoid of discharge, resulting in overflow due to rain water. In that place an extensive saltmarsh with a gradiated natural vegetation (Tamaricetum, Juncetum, Arthocnemetum, Salicornietum) is developed.

QUALITY

Although the examined site is a compact ecosystem that has been strongly influenced by human activities, it still has significant ecological value, for that reason it is included in the Ramsar Convention. The flora and fauna of the area is largely specialized due to the extensive presence and dominance of wet-element taxa. As mentioned above, despite land reclamation, extensive areas of salt marshes sandbanks and mudflats still exist. An important part of this site is the pure Fraxinus forest (the only one in Greece) that exists near the Lesini area. Relicts from such a riparian forest occur also on the eastern banks of the Evinos river. These areas have large ornithological and ecological value. The alluvium of the Evinos river are very significant and in very good condition. The estuary of this river consists of one of the most harmonized ecosystems we have encountered. The plant communities of this area are in excellent condition. The coastal zone between the Kleisova lagoon and the Evinos river is the largest unique and uniform part of natural saltmarsh in this site; it is also in a very good natural state. Of great ecological importance is also the ammophilous vegetation of this site which grows mainly on the islets of the lagoons. The vegetation of the site is composed of a lot of interesting endemic, rare or threatened plants. Centaurea niederi, which is a rare Greek endemic, is a plant listed in Annex II of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC and in the Bern Convention. This plant is listed in the WCMC Plant Database under the category "Endangered" and is also protected by Greek legislation (Presidential Decree 67/1981). Of the Greek endemic plants Teucrium halacsyanum, and Ophrys argolica are classified as "Rare" in the WCMC Plants Database. The last plant is also protected by Greek legislation (Presidential Decree 67/1981). In addition to the other Greek endemic species cited in sections 3.3 and 3.4, some interesting taxa with motivation D are: a) Salvinia natans, which is a plant with interesting geographical distribution classified as "Endangered" in the WCMC Plants Database. This plant is also protected by law in Greece (Presidential Decree 67/1981); b) Scabiosa tenuis, Malcolmia graeca subsp. bicolor, Fritillaria thessala subsp. reiseri and Stachys spinulosa, which are Balkan endemics; c) Cotula coronopifolia, which has interesting geographical distribution area; d) Thalictrum lucidum, Malcolmia nana and Centaurium maritimum, which are rare plants with scattered distributions; e) Fraxinus angustifolia and Alnus glutinosa, the populations of which must be protected; f) Tamarix smyrnensis, which has a sporadic and limited distribution in Greece must also be protected.
The fauna of this site is very diverse. Of the vertebrates (other than birds) recorded in the area nineteen are taxa mentioned in Annex II of the Directive 92/43/EEC (section 3.2). Three of them (Monachus monachus, Caretta caretta, and Acipenser sturio) are priority species of this Directive. Moreover, the bat Rhinolophus euryale, the otter Lutra lutra, the Monk Seal M. monachus and the Loggerhead Turtle C. caretta, are threatened in Greece and mentioned in the Greek Red Data Book under the threat categories "Endangered" (M. monachus, C. caretta) and "Vulnerable" (L. lutra). Regarding the fish, according to the best expert's judgement (Economidis, pers. comm.), the following valid Greek taxa (Economidis, 1991) have to be ascribed to the Directive species as follows: Tropidophoxinellus hellenicus to Barbus alburnoides, Rutilus ylikiensis to R. rubilio, Barbus p. peloponnesius to B. meridionalis, and Barbus albanicus to B. capito. Of them, the third and fourth as well as Cobitis trichonica are at least "Locally Vulnerable" in Greece. A total of 34 other non-bird vertebrates of the site have been evaluated as Other or Greek Important Species as they fall under one to three of the four motivation categories in sections 3.3 and 3.4. Namely, the five taxa indicated with motivation A are mentioned in the Greek Red Data Book under the categories "Endangered" (the Green Turtle Chelonia mydas and the bats Pipistrellus pipistrellus and P. nathusii), and "Vulnerable" (the jackal Canis aureus and the dolphin Delphinus delphis). The fish Scardinius acarnanicus is marked with motivation D as it is endemic to western central Greece. All 34 taxa, except the jackal Canis aureus and the fishes Knipowitschia panizzae and Scadinius acarnanicus, receive the C motivation since they are protected by the Bern Convention (Salaria fluviatilis under the name Blennius fluviatilis) while Chelonia mydas and the Wildcat Felis silvestris are also mentioned in the CITES Convention. One or more of the following reasons justify the D motivation for most of the species listed in sections 3.3 and 3.4: a) Apart from the frog Rana ridibunda, the lizards Ophisaurus apodus and Ablepharus kitaibelii, the snake Vipera ammodytes, the hare Lepus europaeus, the jackal Canis aureus, the marten Martes foina, the Wildcat Felis silvestris and all six fishes, the remaining 21 taxa are protected by the Greek Presidential Decree 67/1981; b) The newt Triturus vulgaris graecus, and the lizards Algyroides nigropunctatus and Podarcis taurica ionica are Balkan endemics; c) the anurans Bufo viridis, Hyla arborea, Rana dalmatina, the turtle Chelonia mydas, the lizards Cyrtodactylus kotschyi, Ablepharus kitaibelii, the snake Natrix tessellata, the bat Pipistrellus nathusii, the Wildcat Felis silvestris, the dolphin Delphinus delphis, and the fish Salaria fluviatilis are included in the lists of the CORINE-Biotopes Project; d) The fish Knipowitschia panizzae is known in Greece only from River Evinos; e) The lizard Cyrtodactylus kotschyi has a discontinuous distribution in Greece with isolated populations; f) The hare and wildcat are generally rare in Greece; g) The turtle Chelonia mydas is also evaluated by the IUCN Red List and the UNEP lists.The invertebrate species listed in section 3.4 with motivation D are protected by the Greek Presidential Decree 67/1981, except Everes argiades which is included in the list of "Threatened Rhopalocera (butterflies) of Europe".

VULNERABILITY

The examined area has been strongly influenced by human activities. Moreover the biggest threat to the ecosystem is the proposed deviation of the rivers Acheloos and Evinos, that will affect the quality and balance of the water in the lagoons. The implications of this project have been extensively studied (Vasilakis and Bousbouras 1991, 1992).The preservation of this water balance is of great importance for the conservation of the ecosystem as a whole.The area of the eastern part of the Kleisova lagoon is strongly polluted by the wastewaters from Mesolongi, which causes continuous eutrophication in the lagoon. The sand-dunes are strongly threatened by arbitrary building especially in the Louros area. The gallery woodlands seem to be the most effected ecosystems. They are reduced by continuous tree-felling. In addition the forests are being reduced as this land is taken for agricultural use. The Fraxinus forest has been also greatly threatened by grazing and its regeneration is very difficult as the saplings and soil are trampled by cattle. The area between the Kleisova lagoon and the Evinos river, which is a unique biotope, presents problems of ownership and is claimed by civilians, as well as by the village of Evinochori. This area is the target of drainage works which result in the disappearance of an important and rare flora and fauna. During the period from the 1930's to the 1970's various reclamation work took place, which caused the degradation and in some cases the disappearance of rare natural habitats. The freshwater marshes almost disappeared, along with the alluvial forest.

DESIGNATION

1) A Ramsar Convention site (13.900 ha). 2) Special Protected Area (13.900 ha). 3) Important Bird Area for Greece (63.000 ha). 4) Publication of Common Ministerial Decision of Delineation (1319/93). 5) It partially overlaps with a game refuge according to the FEK 716/B/87.

OWNERSHIP

The marine ecosystem of the Mesolongi lagoon is public, while the marine ecosystem of the Kleisova lagoon is municipal. The coastal ecosystems including the salt marshes are also public, but some areas have been claimed by local inhabitants. Some of the above areas (Neochorio-Katochi area) have been yielded from the Public to landless peasantry since 1970. Salt-marshes and wet-pastures to the south of the agricultural land of Galatas, are going to be drained and then distributed as agricultural land, to the local people. The south-east area between Kleisova lagoon and the Evinos river is a drained salt-marsh, which is unfertile and partly recovered a wildlife habitat. The local community of Evinochori is having permanent trial with an individual, and both sides are claiming the ownership of this land.

DOCUMENTATION

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Szijj J. 1983. Oecologische wertanalyse des Acheloos - Deltas (Westgriechenland). Essen. 142p. (3.1, 4.1)
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Zalidis Ch.G. & A. L. Mantzavelas (coord.) 1994. Apografi ton Ellinikon Ygrotopon os fysikon poron (Proti proseggisi). Elliniko Kentro Viotopon- Ygrotopon (E.K.V.Y.). [Inventory of the Greek Wetlands as Natural Resources (First approximation). Greek Centre of Biotopes-Wetlands]. (3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.2, 4.3) Iliopoulou-Georgoudaki I. 1977. Systimatiki meleti kai geografiki exaplosis ton cheiropteron tis Elladas (Systematic taxonomy and geographical distribution of the Chiroptera of Greece). Ph.D. thesis, University of Patra, 173p. inder Ad. 1933. Schmetterlingsjagd auf dem Balkan Int. Ent. Z. 27, 335-339, 349-351 Gudem. (3.2, 3.3)
Paraschi L. & M. Gkaitlich. 1992. Lutra lutra (Linneaus, 1758). Oikogeneia: Mustelidae. Vidra. [Family: Mustelidae. Otter]. In: The Red Data Book of Threatened Vertebrates of Greece, pp. 285-287. M. Karandeinos (coord.). Hellenic Zoological Society and Hellenic Ornithological Society (eds.). Thymeli Publ., Athens. (3.2, 4.2).
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